Programming Languages

Database transaction

2009-07-23T16:14:00.000-07:00

A database transaction comprises a unit of work performed within a database management system (or similar system) against a database, and treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes:

1. To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure, when execution stops (completely or partially) and many operations upon a database remain uncompleted, with unclear status.
2. To provide isolation between programs accessing a database concurrently. Without isolation the programs' outcomes are typically erroneous.

A database transaction, by definition, must be atomic, consistent, isolated and durable. Database practitioners often refer to these properties of database transactions using the acronym ACID.

Transactions provide an "all-or-nothing" proposition, stating that each work-unit performed in a database must either complete in its entirety or have no effect whatsoever. Further, the system must isolate each transaction from other transactions, results must conform to existing constraints in the database, and transactions that complete successfully must get written to durable storage.

NetApp Named MS 2009 Storage Solutions Partner

2009-07-09T09:03:00.000-07:00

NetApp has been named the Microsoft 2009 Partner of the Year, in the advanced infrastructure, storage solutions category. NetApp was chosen out of an international field of top Microsoft partners for delivering market-leading customer solutions for Microsoft Hyper-V environments.

NetApp was chosen on its partnership with Microsoft and complete solutions that help reduce customers' costs, maximize storage efficiency, and improve availability in virtual environments. With NetApp, Microsoft customers can reduce the amount of storage they need by at least 50 percent when they also use NetApp technologies such as thin provisioning and deduplication, the company said.

NetApp utilizes a variety of Windows Server platform technologies to improve storage system management and streamline backup, recovery, and remote replication in Windows Server 2008 Hyper-V environments. In addition, tight integration with the Microsoft System Center family of products and additional application-integrated NetApp products help maximize uptime for a wide variety of application environments, including Microsoft Exchange Server, SQL Server, and SharePoint Server. Since NetApp storage solutions are tightly integrated with Microsoft's technologies, customers are backed by NetApp's global customer support infrastructure, which integrates Microsoft Premier Support.

"We are very excited about working with NetApp to deliver innovative end-to-end solutions to our joint customers. The combination of our technology with NetApp's storage solutions gives our customers the tools they need to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and drive their businesses forward," said Kim Akers, General Manager (Global Partner Team), Microsoft.

Rajesh Janey, President (Sales), India & SAARC, NetApp, said, "Being chosen as Microsoft's Storage Partner of the Year is a great honor for NetApp. While this award establishes NetApp as the leading storage solutions provider for Microsoft virtualization customers, more than anything it underlines the customer success our partnership and close collaboration has delivered."

Native MySQL Storage Engines

2009-07-01T16:53:00.000-07:00

The MySQL offers a number of within developed storage engines that are well-suited for data warehouses, with the mainly popular being the evasion MyISAM storage engine. The MyISAM engine delivers rapid data loading capabilities, fast study times, and much more for data warehousing users. Typical MyISAM support for data warehouse volumes range up to 1TB contentedly. MySQL offers other storage engines that can also be used for data warehousing as well. MySQL supports these key data warehousing features:

Data/Index partitioning (range, hash, key, list, composite) in MySQL 5.1 and above
No practical storage limits with automatic storage management
Built-in Replication
Strong indexing support (B-tree, fulltext, clustered, hash, GIS)
Multiple, configurable data/index caches
Pre-loading of data into caches
Unique query cache (caches result set + query; not just data)
Parallel data load
Multi-insert DML
Read-only tables
Cost-based optimizer
Wide platform support

Infobright

Infobright offers a storage engine for the MySQL Server that is tailor-made for large scale, analytic-styled data warehousing. Infobright enables MySQL users to move up to data warehouses that support data volumes of 1-10TB or more with these key capabilities:

Column-oriented design
High data compression capabilities
Advanced optimizer with "Knowledge Grid"
High-speed loader

MySQL to Microsoft SQL database Converter

2009-06-19T14:27:00.000-07:00

The MySQL to MSSQL Database Converter value has an easy, read only, quick responding explanation for converting MySQL database proceedings into Microsoft SQL database format. MySQL server to Microsoft SQL server database migration utility does not change the table, rows or columns of the source database and maintain the MySQL database file integrity during the database migration process.

Advanced database translation software is purposely designed for professionals who need quick and reliable database conversion and support the entire database Architecture, Schemas, Default Values, Primary key, and other database attributes. The cost-effective, secure database converter even provides you an option to save the converted MSSQL database format at user defined location.

Microsoft SQL database generator is a prominent program having a good looking graphical interface and has an exclusive do-it-yourself feature with no technical learning required while working on the software. Download the freeware demo of MySQL to Microsoft SQL database converter utility to understand the effective functionality of the software. On getting satisfactory results purchase the full version from our website.

Software Features

Powerful and versatile MSSQL to MySQL database converter suite with simple and fast working.
Supports all database Key Constraints, Data Types, Schemas, Attributes, Tables, Rows, etc. even after MySQL database conversion.
Specifically designed for database developers and programmers since save time by converting single or multiple database records.
Far easier to use and supports all versions of MSSQL and MySQL database.
Provides the option of saving the converted database records either at new location with new name or overwrites the existing database records.
Have an impressive user friendly graphical interface and an exclusive do-it-yourself feature.
Windows compatible database converting wizard smoothly runs on all windows platform.

Advantages

Time-saving, reliable and easy to use database conversion utility.
Reduces the labor cost since automatically converts the MySQL database records.
No database scripting or encoding is required for database conversion.
Efficiently works with all the MySQL and MSSQL database versions.
An alternative solution for the complicated MySQL to MSSQL database converting programs.

System Requirement

Pentium-class or equivalent processor
RAM (128 MB recommended)
10 MB of free space

Supported Operating System:

Windows 98/ME/NT/2000/2003/XP/Vista

microsoft sql

2009-05-25T13:11:00.000-07:00

The code base for MS SQL Server (prior to version 7.0) originated in Sybase SQL Server, and was Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against Oracle, IBM, and, later, Sybase itself. Microsoft, Sybase and Ashton-Tate originally teamed up to create and market the first version named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 (about 1989) which was essentially the same as Sybase SQL Server 3.0 on Unix, VMS, etc. Microsoft SQL Server 4.2 was shipped around 1992 (available bundled with Microsoft OS/2 version 1.3). Later Microsoft SQL Server 4.21 for Windows NT was released at the same time as Windows NT 3.1. Microsoft SQL Server v6.0 was the first version designed for NT, and did not include any direction from Sybase.About the time Windows NT was released, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and each pursued their own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. Later, Sybase changed the name of its product to Adaptive Server Enterprise to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL Server. Until 1994, Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an indication of its origin.

Since parting ways, several revisions have been done independently. SQL Server 7.0 was a rewrite from the legacy Sybase code. It was succeeded by SQL Server 2000, which was the first edition to be launched in a variant for the IA-64 architecture.In the eight years since release of Microsoft's previous SQL Server product (SQL Server 2000), advancements have been made in performance, the client IDE tools, and several complementary systems that are packaged with SQL Server 2005. These include: an ETL tool (SQL Server Integration Services or SSIS), a Reporting Server, an OLAP and data mining server (Analysis Services), and several messaging technologies, specifically Service Broker and Notification Services.

Integrated Circuit

2009-05-04T00:38:00.000-07:00

In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics.

A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.
This article is about monolithic integrated circuits.

Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a circuit as a packaged IC die than as a discrete circuit. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts), because the components are small and close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square mm to around 350 mm², with up to 1 million transistors per mm².

Old IBM Personal Computer

2009-04-16T10:43:00.000-07:00

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform. It is IBM model number 5150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of Don Est ridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida.

Alongside "microcomputer" and "home computer", the term "personal computer" was already in use before 1981. It was used as early as 1972 to characterize Xerox PARC's Alto. However, because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer, the term came to mean more specifically a microcomputer compatible with IBM's PC products.

Keep Your System Faster

2009-04-06T08:52:00.000-07:00

Follow these tips and you will definitely have a much faster and more reliable PC! Most of the below tips :

1. Wallpapers: They slow your whole system down, so if you're willing to compromise, have a basic plain one instead!

2. Drivers: Update your hardware drivers as frequently as possible. New drivers tend to increase system speed especially in the case of graphics cards, their drivers are updated by the manufacturer very frequently!

3. Minimizing: If you want to use several programs at the same time then minimize those you are not using. This helps reduce the overload on RAM.

Boot your Computer Faster

2009-03-30T12:55:00.000-07:00

Press start->run then type msconfig and press enter.Go to the startup tab. Here you will see a list of startup items. These are all the programs that automatically start when you boot your PC. It is these that slow down the boot up process.So uncheck all the unwanted items like ms-office, messengers other utilities that u may not need at startup). Don't uncheck your antivirus software.Restart your Pc to and see for yourself, your pc will now boot faster

A great new feature in Microsoft Windows XP is the ability to do a boot defragment. This places all boot files next to each other on the disk to allow for faster booting. By default this option is enabled, but on some systems it is not, so below is the information on how to turn it on:

Go to Start Menu and Click Run
Type in regedit then click ok
Find "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Dfrg\BootOpt imizeFunction"
Select "Enable" from the list on the right
Right on it and select "Modify"
Change the value to Y .
Reboot your Pc and see the change yourself.

Server in Hardware

2009-03-23T08:40:00.000-07:00

Hardware requirements for servers vary, depending on the server application. Absolute CPU speed is not usually as critical to a server as it is to a desktop machine. Servers' duties to provide service to many users over a network lead to different requirements like fast network connections and high I/O throughput. Since servers are usually accessed over a network they may run in headless mode without a monitor or input device. Processes which are not needed for the server's function are not used. Many servers do not have a graphical user interface (GUI) as it is unnecessary and consumes resources that could be allocated elsewhere. Similarly, audio and USB interfaces may be omitted.

Servers often run for long periods without interruption and availability must often be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. Although servers can be built from commodity computer parts, mission-critical servers use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime.

For example, servers may incorporate faster, higher-capacity hard drives, larger computer fans or water cooling to help remove heat, and uninterruptible power supplies that ensure the servers continue to function in the event of a power failure. These components offer higher performance and reliability at a correspondingly higher price. Hardware redundancy—installing more than one instance of modules such as power supplies and hard disks arranged so that if one fails another is automatically available—is widely used. ECC memory devices which detect and correct errors are used; non-ECC memory can cause data corruption

FTP Server -File Transfer Protocol

2009-03-16T16:17:00.000-07:00

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a network protocol used to transfer data from one computer to another through a network such as the Internet.FTP is a file transfer protocol for exchanging and manipulating files over a TCP computer network. An FTP client may connect to an FTP server to manipulate files on that server.

In active mode, the FTP client opens a dynamic port, sends the FTP server the dynamic port number on which it is listening over the control stream and waits for a connection from the FTP server. When the FTP server initiates the data connection to the FTP client it binds the source port to port 20 on the FTP server.

In passive mode, the FTP server opens a dynamic port, sends the FTP client the server's IP address to connect to and the port on which it is listening (a 16-bit value broken into a high and low byte, as explained above) over the control stream and waits for a connection from the FTP client. In this case, the FTP client binds the source port of the connection to a dynamic port.

Adaptive Server Enterprise

2009-03-09T09:37:00.000-07:00

Adaptive Server Enterprise (ASE) is Sybase Corporation's flagship enterprise-class relational database management system product. ASE is predominantly used on the UNIX platform but is also available for Windows.

Originally created for UNIX platforms in 1987, Sybase Corporation's primary relational database management system product was initially marketed under the name Sybase SQL Server. In 1988, SQL Server for OS/2 was co-developed for the PC by Sybase, Microsoft, and Ashton-Tate. Ashton-Tate divested its interest and Microsoft became the lead partner after porting SQL Server to Windows NT.

Microsoft and Sybase sold and supported the product through version 4.21. In 1993 the co-development licensing agreement between Microsoft and Sybase ended and the companies parted ways while continuing to develop their respective versions of the software.

In 1995, Sybase released SQL Server 11.0. Starting with version 11.5, released in 1996, Sybase moved to differentiate its product from Microsoft SQL Server by renaming it to Adaptive Server Enterprise.

Sybase provides native low-level programming interfaces to its database server which uses a protocol called Tabular Data Stream. Prior to version 10, DBLIB (Data Base Library) was used. Version 10 and onwards uses, CTLIB (Client Library).

SQL Server Express

2009-03-02T13:56:00.001-08:00

Microsoft SQL Server Express is the freely-downloadable and distributable version of Microsoft's SQL Server relational database management system. It offers a database solution specifically targeted for embedded and smaller-scale applications. Unlike its predecessor, MSDE, there is no concurrent workload governor which “limits performance if the database engine receives more work than is typical of a small number of users." It does, however, have a number of technical restrictions which make it undesirable for large-scale deployments, including:

* Maximum database size of 4 GB per database (compared to 2 GB in the former MSDE). The 4 GB limit is per database (log files excluded) and can be extended in some scenarios through the use of multiple interconnected databases.
* Hardware utilization limits:
o Single physical CPU, multiple cores
o 1 GB of RAM (runs on any size RAM system, but uses only 1 GB)
* Absence of SQL Server Agent Service

Although its predecessor, MSDE, was virtually devoid of basic GUI management tools, SQL Server Express includes several GUI tools for database management. Among these tools are:

* SQL Server Management Studio Express
* SQL Server Configuration Manager
* SQL Server Surface Area Configuration tool
* SQL Server Business Intelligence Development Studio.

Database -A collection of information

2009-02-24T12:10:00.000-08:00

A collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of data. You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.

Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files. A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records, each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and telephone number.

An alternative concept in database design is known as Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linked to any other object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are not designed for numerical analysis.

To access information from a database, you need a database management system (DBMS). This is a collection of programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in a database.

DEC Alpha

2009-02-13T21:35:00.000-08:00

Alpha, originally known as Alpha AXP, was a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), designed to replace the 32-bit VAX complex instruction set computer (CISC) ISA and its implementations. Alpha was implemented in microprocessors originally developed and fabricated by DEC. It was used in a variety of DEC workstations and servers, eventually forming the basis for almost their entire mid-to-upper-scale lineup. Several third-party vendors also produced Alpha systems, as well as PC compatible form factor motherboards.

Alpha supports both the OpenVMS (previously known as OpenVMS AXP) operating system and Tru64 UNIX (previously known as DEC OSF/1 AXP and Digital UNIX). Open source operating systems also run on the Alpha, notably Linux and BSD UNIX flavors (FreeBSD support ended as of 7.0). Microsoft supported the processor in Windows NT until NT 4.0 SP6 but did not extend Alpha support beyond RC1 of Windows 2000.

B-tree

2009-02-09T12:56:00.000-08:00

In computer science, a B-tree is a tree data structure that keeps data sorted and allows searches, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic amortized time. Unlike self-balancing binary search trees, it is optimized for systems that read and write large blocks of data. It is most commonly used in databases and file systems.

In B-trees, internal (non-leaf) nodes can have a variable number of child nodes within some pre-defined range. When data is inserted or removed from a node, its number of child nodes changes. In order to maintain the pre-defined range, internal nodes may be joined or split. Because a range of child nodes is permitted, B-trees do not need re-balancing as frequently as other self-balancing search trees, but may waste some space, since nodes are not entirely full. The lower and upper bounds on the number of child nodes are typically fixed for a particular implementation. For example, in a 2-3 B-tree (often simply referred to as a 2-3 tree), each internal node may have only 2 or 3 child nodes.

XQuery

2009-02-02T09:35:00.001-08:00

XQuery is a query language (with some programming language features) that is designed to query collections of XML data. It is semantically similar to SQL.

XQuery 1.0 was developed by the XML Query working group of the W3C. The work was closely coordinated with the development of XSLT 2.0 by the XSL Working Group; the two groups shared responsibility for XPath 2.0, which is a subset of XQuery 1.0. XQuery 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on January 23, 2007.

"The mission of the XML Query project is to provide flexible query facilities to extract data from real and virtual documents on the World Wide Web, therefore finally providing the needed interaction between the Web world and the database world. Ultimately, collections of XML files will be accessed like databases".

Transact-SQL

2009-01-26T02:15:00.001-08:00

Transact-SQL (T-SQL) is Microsoft's and Sybase's proprietary extension to SQL. Microsoft's implementation ships in the Microsoft SQL Server product. Sybase uses the language in its Adaptive Server Enterprise, the successor to Sybase SQL Server.

Transact-SQL enhances SQL with these additional features:

* Control-of-flow language
* Local variables
* Various support functions for string processing, date processing, mathematics, etc.
* Improvements [citation needed] to DELETE and UPDATE statements.

Visual Studio 97

2009-01-12T13:24:00.000-08:00

Microsoft first released Visual Studio in 1997, bundling many of its programming tools together for the first time. Visual Studio 97 was released in two editions, Professional and Enterprise. It included Visual Basic 5.0 and Visual C++ 5.0, primarily for Windows programming; Visual J++ 1.1 for Java and Windows programming; and Visual Fox Pro 5.0 for database, specifically x Base programming. It introduced Visual Inter Dev for creating dynamically generated web sites using Active Server Pages. A snapshot of the Microsoft Developer Network library was also included.

Visual Studio 97 was Microsoft's first attempt at using the same development environment for multiple languages. Visual C++, Visual J++, Inter Dev, and the MSDN Library all used one environment, called Developer Studio. Visual Basic and Visual Fox Pro used separate environments.

Microsoft Visual Studio

2009-01-05T13:23:00.000-08:00

Microsoft Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It can be used to develop console and Graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together with managed code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework and Microsoft Silver light.

Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code re factoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger.

SQL Native Client

2008-12-29T13:22:00.000-08:00

SQL Native Client is the native client side data access library for Microsoft SQL Server, version 2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the Tabular Data Stream implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, encryption support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session.

SQL Native Client is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, including ADO or OLE DB. It is also used by the native SQL Server ADO.NET provider, Sql Client. The SQL Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data access layers.

SQL Server Management Studio

2008-12-22T13:22:00.000-08:00

SQL Server Management Studio is a GUI tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server. SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server Management Studio is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE).

A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server. It can be used to visually observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others. SQL Server Management Studio can also be used to create a new database, alter any existing database schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries.

SQL CLR

2008-12-15T13:21:00.000-08:00

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes a component named SQL CLR via which it integrates with .NET Framework. Unlike most other applications that use .NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework runtime, i.e., memory, threading and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself, rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, stored procedures and triggers can be written in any managed .NET language, including C# and VB.NET. Managed code can also be used to define UDTs which can be persisted in the database. Managed code is compiled to .NET assemblies and after being verified for type safety, registered at the database. After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure. However, only a subset of the Base Class Library is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to user interface functionality are not available.

When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using the ADO.NET APIs like any other managed application that accesses SQL Server data. However, doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing. To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code.

SQL Server 2008

2008-12-08T14:13:00.001-08:00

The current version of SQL Server, SQL Server 2008, (code-named "Katmai",)was released (RTM) on August 6th, 2008 and aims to make data management self-tuning, self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of SQL Server Always On technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. SQL Server 2008 will also include support for structured and semi-structured data, including digital media formats for pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as BLOBs (binary large objects), but they are generic bit streams. Intrinsic awareness of multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. According to Paul Flessner, senior Vice President, Server Applications, Microsoft Corp., SQL Server 2008 can be a data storage backend for different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc as well as perform search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization across all data types.

Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a Spatial data type for location-dependent data. Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is provided using the FILESTREAM[7] data type has been added, which can be used to reference any file stored on the file system. Structured data and metadata about the file is stored in SQL Server database, whereas the unstructured component is stored in the file system. Such files can be accessed both via Win32 file handling APIs as well as via SQL Server using T-SQL; doing the latter accesses the file data as a binary BLOB. Backing up and restoring the database backs up or restores the referenced files as well. SQL Server 2008 also natively supports hierarchical data, and includes T-SQL constructs to directly deal with them, without using recursive queries

Newborn Screening

2008-11-07T14:53:00.000-08:00

Newborn screening tests take place before your newborn leaves the hospital. Babies are tested to identify serious or life-threatening conditions before symptoms begin. Such diseases are usually rare. However, they can affect a baby's normal physical and mental development.
Most tests use a few drops of blood from pricking the baby's heel. A hearing test involves placing a tiny earphone in the baby's ear and measuring his or her response to sound.
If a screening test suggests a problem, your baby's doctor will follow up with further testing. If those tests confirm a problem, the doctor may refer you to a specialist for treatment. Following your doctor's treatment plan can save your baby from lifelong health and developmental problems

Microsoft SQL Server Data storage:Buffer management

2008-10-20T05:51:00.000-07:00

SQL Server buffers pages in RAM to reduce disc I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-memory, and the set of all pages at this time buffered is called the buffer cache. The quantity of memory available to SQL Server decides how lots of page will be cached in memory. The buffer cache is managed by the Buffer Manager. Either analysis from or marks to any side copies it to the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirect to the in-memory copy, rather than the on-disc side. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-memory cache has not been referenced for a few times. While writing pages back to disc, asynchronous I/O is use whereby the I/O operation is done in a backdrop thread so that other operation do not have to wait for the I/O operation to total. Each page is written along with its checksum when it is written. When interpretation the page back, its checksum is compute again and matched with the store version to ensure the page has not been injured or tamper with in the mean time.

Microsoft SQL Server :Data storage

2008-10-13T02:44:00.000-07:00

The main component of data storage is a database, which is a compilation of tables with typed columns. SQL Server supports different data types, including main types such as Integer, Float, Decimal, Char, Varchar, binary, Text among others. It also allows user-defined composite types to be defined and use. SQL Server also makes server data available as virtual tables and views. A database can also hold other objects including views, stored procedures, index and constraints, in addition to tables, along with a business log. A SQL Server database can contain a utmost of 231 objects, and can span multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 220 TB. The data in the database are stored in main data files with an extension .mdf. Secondary data files, identified with an .ndf extension, are used to store elective metadata. Log files are recognized with the .ldf extension.

Microsoft SQL Server Architecture: Relational engine

2008-10-05T23:09:00.000-07:00

The Relational engine equipment the relational data store using the capability provided by SQLOS, which is exposed to this layer via the private SQLOS API. It equipment the type system, to define the types of the data that can be store in the tables, as well as the diverse types of data items that can be stored. It includes the Storage Engine, which handles the way data is stored on constant storage devices and provides methods for fast admission to the data. The storage engine implements log-based business to ensure that any changes to the data are ACID obedient. It also includes the query processor, which is the component that retrieves data. SQL queries specify what data to retrieve, and the query processor optimizes and translates the query into the succession of operations needed to get back the data. The operations are then performing by worker threads, which are scheduled for carrying out by SQLOS.

SQLOS

2008-09-29T01:57:00.000-07:00

SQLOS is the base module in the SQL Server architecture. It implements functions normally linked with the Operating System: thread preparation, memory management, I/O management, buffer pool management, resource management, synchronization primitives and locking, and deadlock discovery. Because the requirements of SQL Server are highly dedicated, it equipment its own memory and thread management system, rather than using the generic one implement in the operating system. It divides all the operations it performs into a series of Tasks - both background preservation jobs as well as processing requests from clients. Internally, a pool of employee threads is maintained, onto which the tasks are listed. A task is associated with the thread until it is finished; only after its completion is the thread freed and returns to the pool. If there are no free threads to allocate the task to, the task is temporarily blocked. Each worker thread is map onto either an Operating System thread or a fiber. Fibers are user mode threads that implement co-operative multitasking. Using fibers means SQLOS does all the secretarial of thread organization itself, but then it can optimize them for its particular use. SQLOS also includes synchronization primitives for locking as well as monitoring for the employee threads to detect and recover from deadlocks.

Microsoft SQL Server

2008-09-21T23:28:00.000-07:00

Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS) shaped by Microsoft. Its main query language is Transact-SQL, an completion of the ANSI/ISO standard Structured Query Language (SQL) new by both Microsoft and Sybase.

Architecture

The design of Microsoft SQL Server is broadly divided into three mechanism: SQLOS which implements the basic services necessary by SQL Server, counting thread scheduling, memory administration and I/O management; the Relational Engine, which implements the relational database mechanism including support for databases, tables, queries and stored events as well as implement the type system; and the Protocol Layer which expose the SQL Server functionality.

laptop

2008-09-08T03:35:00.001-07:00

A laptop computer or notebook computer is a little mobile computer, typically weighing 3 to 12 pounds, although older laptops may weigh up more. Laptops typically run on a single main battery or from an external AC/DC adapter that charge the battery while it also supplies power to the computer itself, even in the event of a power failure. This very potent main battery should not be confused with the much smaller battery nearly all computer use to run the real-time clock and backup BIOS configuration into the CMOS memory when the computer is lacking power.

Laptops contain mechanism that are similar to their desktop counterpart and perform the same functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power expenditure, although typically less controlling for the same price. Laptops usually have liquid crystal display and most of them use different memory module for their random access memory, for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs. In calculation to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad or a point stick for input, though an outside keyboard or mouse can usually be attached.

Bladder Diseases

2008-08-24T22:01:00.000-07:00

The bladder is a empty organ in your lower abdomen that food urine. Many situation can affect bladder function. Some ordinary ones are

* Infection - a urinary tract disease in the bladder is also known as cystitis

* Urinary incontinence - loss of bladder control

* Interstitial cystitis - a chronic difficulty in which the bladder wall can turn out to be inflamed and aggravated, leading to frequent, painful urination

* Bladder cancer - the sixth most ordinary cancer in the United States

Doctors diagnose bladder disease using diverse tests. These include urine tests, x-rays and test of the bladder wall with a scope called a cystoscope. Treatment varies depending on the cause of the difficulty. It may comprise medicines and, in harsh cases, surgery.

Diabetes Insipidus

2008-08-17T23:23:00.000-07:00

Diabetes insipidus (DI) causes recurrent urination. You turn into extremely thirsty, so you drink. Then you urinate. This cycle can stay you from inactive or even make you wet the bed. Your body produce big volumes of urine that are roughly all water.

DI is dissimilar from diabetes mellitus (DM), which involve insulin harms and high blood sugar. The symptoms can be similar; however, DI is connected to how your kidneys switch fluids. It's much less general than DM. Urine and blood test can show which one you have.

Usually, DI is cause by a trouble with your pituitary gland or your kidneys. Treatment depends on the origin of the problem. Medicines can often help.

Bird Flu

2008-08-10T22:17:00.000-07:00

Birds, just like general public, get the flu. Bird flu virus infects birds, including chickens, other fowl and wild birds such as geese. Most bird flu viruses can only contaminate other birds. However, bird flu can pretense health risks to people. The first case of a bird flu virus infect a person directly, H5N1, was in Hong Kong in 1997. Since then, the bird flu virus has increase to birds in countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.

Human illness is still very rare, but the virus that causes the disease in birds might change, or mutate, to more simply infect humans. This could lead to a pandemic, or a worldwide eruption of the illness.

During an outburst of bird flu, people who have contact with contaminated birds can become sick. It may also be potential to catch bird flu by eating poultry that is not well safe to eat or through contact with a person who has it. Bird flu can make public very sick or even cause death. There is presently no vaccine.

Culture

2008-08-03T22:46:00.000-07:00

Culture usually refers to patterns of human being activity and the representative structures that give such activity meaning. Different definitions of "culture" reflect special theoretical bases for considerate for evaluating, human activity. Most general, the term culture denotes entire product of an individual, group or society of smart beings. It includes technology, art, science, with moral systems and the feature behaviors and practice of the selected intelligent entities. In particular, it has exact more detailed meanings in different domains of human activities.

Many people nowadays have a thought of "culture" that developed in Europe through the 18th and early 19th centuries. This view of culture reflected inequalities within European societies, and between European powers and their colonies around the world. It identifies "culture" with "society" and contrasts it with "nature." According to this method of view, one can organize some countries as more civilized than others, and some people as more cultured than others.

Computer software

2008-07-28T00:31:00.000-07:00

Computer software or just software is a common term used to explain a collection of computer programs, measures and documents that do some tasks on a computer system. The term include application software such as word processors which perform creative tasks for users, system software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to supply the necessary services for application software, and middleware which control and co-ordinates scattered systems.

"Software" is every so often used in a broader situation to mean something which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and report.

What is Food Security?

2008-05-19T05:15:00.001-07:00

In the past, security in the restaurant industry meant protecting customers and employees from violence or criminal acts. But in the current national context, food security means preventing or eliminating the deliberate contamination of food. The contaminants used are generally one of five types:

1. Biological
2. Chemical
3. Physical
4. Nuclear
5. Radioactive

Food Safety vs. Food Security

The terms "food safety" and "food security" do not mean the same thing. Food safety addresses the accidental contamination of food. Food security deals with the deliberate contamination of food with the intent of causing harm or disruption.

Systems and Network Security

2008-05-05T04:00:00.000-07:00

Our security research focus is to identify emerging technologies and conceive of new security solutions that will have a high impact on the critical information infrastructure. We perform research and development on behalf of government and industry from the earliest stages of technology development through proof-of-concept, reference and prototype implementations, and demonstrations. We work to transfer new technologies to industry, to produce new standards, and to develop tests, test methodologies, and assurance methods.

To keep pace with the rate of change in emerging technologies, we conduct a large amount of research in existing and emerging technology areas. Some of the many topics we research include smart card infrastructure and security, wireless and mobile device security, voice over Internet Protocol (IP) security issues, digital forensics tools and methods, access control and authorization management, Internet Protocol security, intrusion detection systems, quantum information system security and quantum cryptography, and vulnerability analysis. Our research helps to fulfill specific needs by the Federal government that would not be easily or reliably filled otherwise.

We collaborate extensively with government, academia and private sector entities. In the past year this included the National Security Agency, the Department of Defense, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Department of Justice, the University of Maryland, George Mason University, Rutgers University, Purdue University, George Washington University, the University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Columbia University, Microsoft Corporation, Sun Microsystems, the Boeing Company, Intel Corporation, Lucent Technologies, Oracle Corporation, and MITRE.

Use by drivers

2008-04-09T20:14:00.000-07:00

Using Mobile phone while driving is common but controversial. Using a mobile phone while driving is an obstruction to vehicle operation that can increase the risk of road traffic accidents, but different studies have found different relative risks (RR).

Meta-analysis by The Canadian Automobile Association and The University of Illinois found that response time while using both hands-free and hand-held phones was approximately 0.5 standard deviations higher than normal driving.

Other research has found that using a mobile phone while driving may reduce and also divert the driver's concentration and reaction time. People in or near their 20s who use a mobile phone while driving have the same reaction time as 72-year-olds.There is a law which restricts drivers under the age of 18 from using a mobile phone at all. According to this law $20 fine for the first offense and $50 fines for each subsequent conviction…

Bluetooth multiplayer games

2008-03-24T19:41:00.000-07:00

Mobiles are connected through a wireless protocol known as Bluetooth using special hardware. The games are designed to communicate with each other through this protocol to split game information. The basic restriction is that both the users have to be within a limited distance to get connected. In this type of connection the game mode can only be one to one or two players extra like a peer to peer connection between two PCs.

Features of Mobile phone

2008-03-17T19:03:00.001-07:00

There are significant questions as to who first invented the camera phone, as numerous other people acknowledged patents filed in the early 1990s for the device, including David M. Britz of AT&T Research in March of 1994 and Philippe Kahn, who claims to have first invented it in 1997. The camera phone now holds 85% of the mobile phone marketplace. Mobile phones often have features beyond transfer text messages and making voice calls, including Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, memo recording, personal organizer functions, e-mail, instant messaging, built-in cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio, Push-to-Talk (PTT), infrared and Bluetooth connectivity, call registers, ability to watch streaming video or download video for later viewing, video calling and serve as a wireless modem for a PC, and soon will also provide as a console of sorts to online games and other high quality games (e.g. Final Fantasy Agito).

Uses & Design of Supercomputer

2008-03-10T19:28:00.000-07:00

Uses

Supercomputers are used for extremely calculation-intensive tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research (including research into global warming), molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion), cryptanalysis, and the like. Military and scientific agencies are important users.

Design

Supercomputers traditionally gained their speed over conventional computers through the use of inventive designs that allow them to perform many tasks in parallel, as well as complex detail engineering. They tend to be specialized for certain types of computation, generally numerical calculations, and perform poorly at more general computing tasks. Their memory hierarchy is very carefully designed to make certain the processor is kept fed with data and instructions at all times—in fact, much of the performance difference between slower computers and supercomputers is due to the memory hierarchy design and componentry. Their I/O systems have a propensity to be designed to support high bandwidth, with latency less of an issue, because supercomputers are not used for transaction processing.

As with all highly parallel systems, Amdahl's law applies, and supercomputer designs devote huge effort to eliminating software serialization, and using hardware to accelerate the remaining bottlenecks.

Natural Science

2008-03-03T18:55:00.000-08:00

Natural sciences form the foundation for the applied sciences. Together, the natural and applied sciences are distinguished starting the social sciences on the one hand, and from the humanities, theology and the arts on the other. Though Mathematics, statistics, and computer science are not considered natural sciences, they supply many tools and frameworks used within the natural sciences.

Alongside this established usage, the phrase natural sciences is also sometimes used more narrowly to refer to its everyday usage, that is, related to natural history. In this sense "natural sciences" may refer to the biology and perhaps also the earth sciences, as illustrious from the physical sciences, including astronomy, physics, and chemistry.

Within the natural sciences, the word hard science is sometimes used to describe those sub-fields that rely on experimental, quantifiable data or the scientific method and focus on accuracy and objectivity. These generally include physics, chemistry and many of the sub-fields of biology. By contrast, soft science is often used to explain the scientific fields that are more reliant on qualitative research, including the social sciences.

There is some explore, collectivelly known as graphism thesis, that indicates that natural science relies on graphs more than soft sciences and mathematics do.

Bond Paper

2008-02-24T18:40:00.001-08:00

Bond paper is a high quality durable writing paper alike to bank paper but having a weight greater than 50 g/m2. The name comes from it having initially been made for documents such as government bonds. It is now used for letterheads and additional stationery and as paper for electronic printers. Widely employed for realistic work involving pencil, pen and felt-tip marker. Bond paper can occasionally contain rag fibre pulp, which produces a stronger, though rougher, sheet of paper. Nowadays, however, bond paper is presently known as being a smooth white sheet commonly made from normal eucalyptus pulp.

2008-02-17T18:05:00.000-08:00

Dot-Matrix Printers

In the common sense many printers rely on a matrix of pixels, or dots, that together form the larger image. However, the term dot matrix printer is specially used for impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to create precise dots. The advantage of dot-matrix over other collision printers is that they can produce graphical images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms (type).

Dot-matrix printers can be generally divided into two major classes:

* Ballistic wire printers (discussed in the dot matrix printers article)

* Stored energy printers

Dot matrix printers can either be character-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the pattern of the print head. At one time, dot matrix printers were one of the more general types of printers used for general use - such as for home and small office use. Such printers would have either 9 or 24 pins on the make head, 24-pin print heads were able to print at a advanced quality. Once the price of inkjet printers dropped to the point where they were aggressive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers began to fall out of favor for general use.

Several dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded to print in color. This is achieved through the use of a four-color ribbon mounted on a device (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raises and lowers the ribbons as needed. Color graphics are commonly printed in four passes at standard resolution, thus slowing down printing considerably. As a result, color graphics can take up to four times longer to print than regular monochrome graphics, or up to 8-16 times as long at high resolution mode.

Dot matrix printers are still usually used in low-cost, low-quality applications like cash registers, or in demanding, very high volume applications like invoice printing. The fact that they use an impact printing technique allows them to be used to print multi-part documents using carbonless copy paper (like sales invoices and credit card receipts), whereas other printing methods are unusable with paper of this type. Dot-matrix printers are now (as of 2005) quickly being superseded even as receipt printers.

2008-02-10T18:21:00.000-08:00

Printing Technology

Printers are routinely confidential by the underlying print technology they employ; numerous such technologies have been developed over the years.

The choice of print engine has a considerable effect on what jobs a printer is suitable for, as various technologies are capable of different levels of image/text quality, print speed, low cost, noise; in addition, some technologies are inappropriate for certain types of physical media (such as carbon paper or transparencies).

Another aspect of printer technology that is frequently forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with liquid ink are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.

Checks should also be printed with liquid ink or on special "check paper with toner anchorage". For similar reasons carbon film ribbons for IBM Selectric typewriters bore labels counsel against using them to type negotiable instruments such as checks. The machine-readable lower portion of a check, however, must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and additional clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.

2008-02-05T19:03:00.001-08:00

Cybernetics

Cybernetics is the interdisciplinary study of the structure of complex systems, particularly communication processes, control mechanisms and feedback principles. Cybernetics is strongly related to control theory and systems theory.

Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study linking the fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary biology and neuroscience in the 1940s. Other fields of study which have partial or been influenced by cybernetics include game theory, system theory (a mathematical counterpart to cybernetics), psychology (especially neuropsychology, behavioral psychology, and cognitive psychology), and also philosophy, and even architecture.

2008-01-27T18:29:00.001-08:00

Differences between touring cars and sports cars

For the informal observer, there can be a great deal of confusion when it comes to classifying closed-wheel racing cars as 'touring cars' or 'sports cars'. In truth, there is often very little technical differentiation between the two classifications, and nomenclature is often a matter of tradition.

In common, however, touring cars are based upon 4-door 'family' sedans or, more rarely, 2-door coupe cars, while GT racing cars are based upon more exotic vehicles, such as Ferrari's or Lamborghini's. Underneath the bodywork, a Touring Car is often more intimately related to its road-going origins, using many original components and mountings, while a top-flight GT car is often a purpose-built tube-frame racing chassis underneath a cosmetic bodyshell. Many Touring Car series, such as the BTCC and the now-defunct JTCC differentiate themselves from sports-car racing by featuring front-wheel drive cars with smaller engines.

However, while in common Touring Cars have a lower technical level than sports cars, there are notable exceptions to the rule. The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) is measured to be one of the most technologically advanced racing series in the world, with cars that, underneath their four-door shells, are more purebread racing machines than most FIA-GT vehicles.

2008-01-17T18:37:00.001-08:00

Touring car racing

Touring car racing is a common term for a number of distinct automobile racing competitions in heavily-modified street cars. It is notably all the rage in Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, and Australia.

What constitutes a touring car?

While rules differ from country to country, most series require that the competitors start with a standard bodyshell, but nearly every other component is allowed to be heavily modified for racing, including engines, suspension, brakes, wheels and tyres. Wings are generally additional to the front and rear of the cars. Regulations are generally designed to limit costs by banning some of the more exotic technologies available (for instance, many series insist on a "control tyre" that all competitors must use) and keep the racing close (sometimes by a "lead trophy" where winning a race requires the winner's car to be heavier for subsequent races). In this, it shares some resemblance with the American NASCAR series, but raced exclusively on road courses and street circuits rather than the American series' primarily oval tracks.

2008-01-09T19:12:00.000-08:00

History of Honda

In 1997 Honda began producing a street-oriented GT motorcycle using in olden times important name: Superhawk. The previous (60's) Superhawk was a similar twin motorcycle that Robert M. Pirsig rode in "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance".

The original Superhawk was a profitable success, hence the name being recycled. The new Superhawk was introduced later than the Ducati 916 made V-twin sportbikes popular again. The new Superhawk uses an every part of new 90 degree V-twin.

The bike introduced more than a few new design concepts such as the "pivotless frame", side radiators, single casting engine case, connecting rods with cap screws instead of nuts, and the largest carburetors Honda ever put on a motorcycle. "Pivotless frame" predestined that engine was a stressed member with the swingarm bolted directly to the enigne. The bike was released in 1997 as an before time of release 1998 model year.

One motorcycle magazine recommended (circa 2000) that this bike was the fastest 0-60 mph production bike at the time.

A racing version of the bike was estimated from Honda. Honda produced in 2000 the RVT1000R (RC51) identified outside the United States as the VTR1000SP, though the bike had only four engine parts in common with the modern Superhawk.

The RC51 was an completely new V-twin racing platform that won the World Superbike championship its first year racing with Colin Edwards and the Castrol team.

2007-12-30T19:05:00.000-08:00

Car Albums in 1978’s

The band's hits dominated the charts for over nine years; their most victorious albums were 1978's The Cars, which featured hit "Just What I Needed," and 1984's Heartbeat City, which included four Top 20 singles: "Magic," "Drive," "Hello Again," and "You Might Think," which also won the MTV Video of the Year Award . "Drive" gained fastidious notability when it was used in a video of the Ethiopian food shortage prepared by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and introduced by David Bowie at the 1985 Live Aid concert at Wembley Stadium.

After the consequential period of superstardom and another hit single, the Cars released their last album Door to Door in 1987, but it failed to approach the success of their previous albums. The Cars announced the group's disintegrate in February 1988. In the late 1990s, rumors circulated of a Cars reunion, but Orr's death of pancreatic cancer on October 3, 2000 position an end to them.

Starting in late 2004, The Cars punch song "Just What I Needed" was played in Circuit City

television ads.

2007-12-23T23:05:00.000-08:00

CARS

The Cars were an American new wave band, one of the most admired to emerge out of the early punk scene in the late 1970s. They hailed from Boston, Massachusetts and were signed to Elektra report in 1977.

The band's members were Ric Ocasek (born Richard Otcasek), the band's principal songwriter, rhythm guitarist, and part-time lead singer; Benjamin Orr (born Benjamin Orzechowski), bassist and recreational lead singer; Elliot Easton, lead guitar and backing vocals; David Robinson, drums and backing vocals; and Greg Hawkes, keyboards, saxophone, guitar, and backing vocals. The nucleus of the assemblage was composed of guitarists Ocasek and Orr.

The Cars productively bridged the gap between the guitar-oriented rock of the 1970s and the synth-oriented pop of the early 1980s. While most of the singles included an Elliot Easton guitar solo, The Cars' sound was distinct much more by Greg Hawkes' synthesizers and the huge harmonies of Easton, Robinson, and Hawkes behind Orr's and Ocasek's lead vocals.

2007-12-16T18:16:00.000-08:00

Collective and non-human intelligence

Some thinkers have explored the idea of combined intelligence, arising from the coordination of many people.

A battleship, for instance, cannot be operated by a single person's knowledge, actions and intelligence, it takes a corresponding and interacting crew.

Similarly, the interesting behaviors of a bee colony are not exhibited in the intelligence and actions of any lone bee, but rather manifested in the behavior of the hive.

These ideas are explored as a foundation for human thought, with applications for artificial intelligence (AI), by MIT AI pioneers Norbert Wiener and Marvin Minsky. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged from Computer science as a specialty which seeks to make computers do something in increasingly intelligent ways, and provides insights into human thought processes.

When considering animal intelligence, a more common definition of intelligence might be applied: the "ability to adapt effectively to the environment, either by making a change in oneself or by changing the environment or finding a new one" (Encyclopædia Britannica).

Many people have also speculated about the opportunity of extraterrestrial intelligence.

2007-12-11T17:48:00.000-08:00

Intelligence, IQ, and g

Intelligence, IQ, and g are very different. Intelligence is the term used in ordinary discourse to refer to cognitive ability.

However, it is usually regarded as too imprecise to be useful for a scientific treatment of the subject. The intelligence quotient (IQ) is an index calculated from the scores on analysis items judged by experts to encompass the abilities coverd by the term intelligence.

IQ measures a multidimensional magnitude: it is an amalgam of dissimilar kinds of abilities, the proportions of which may differ between IQ tests.

The dimensionality of IQ scores can be premeditated by factor analysis, which reveals a single dominant factor underlying the scores on all IQ tests.

This factor, which is a hypothetical construct, is called g. Variation in g corresponds very much to the intuitive notion of intelligence, and thus g is sometimes called general cognitive ability or general intelligence.

2007-11-25T18:21:00.000-08:00

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (also known as machine intelligence and often abbreviated as AI) is intelligence exhibited by any contrived (i.e. artificial) system. The term is often applied to common purpose computers and also in the field of scientific investigation into the theory and practical application of AI. "AI" the name is often used in works of science fiction to refer to that which exhibits artificial intelligence as well, as in "the AI" referring to a singular discrete or distributed mechanism. Modern AI research is disturbed with producing useful machines to automate human tasks requiring intelligent behavior. Examples include: scheduling resources such as military units, answering questions about products for customers, thoughtful and transcribing speech, and recognizing faces in CCTV cameras.

As such, it has become an engineering control, focused on providing solutions to practical problems. AI methods were used to plan units in the first Gulf War, and the costs saved by this efficiency have repaid the US government's entire investment in AI research since the 1950s. AI systems are now in routine use in many businesses, hospitals and military units approximately the world, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications and video games. (See Raj Reddy's AAAI paper for a complete review of real-world AI systems in deployment today.) AI methods are often employed in cognitive science research, which openly tries to model subsystems of human cognition.

2007-11-18T17:32:00.000-08:00

camera

A camera is a mechanism used to take pictures, either singly or in sequence, with or without sound, such as with video cameras. The name is derivative from camera obscura, Latin for "dark chamber", an early mechanism for projecting images in which an entire room functioned much as the interior workings of a modern photographic camera, except there was no way at this time to record the image short of manually tracing it. Cameras may work with the visual range or other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Every camera consists of some type of enclosed chamber, with an opening or space at one end for light to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. This distance of the aperture is often controlled by an diaphragm mechanism, but some cameras have a fixed-size aperture.

2007-11-11T19:06:00.000-08:00

Corbett's Tiger

Indochinese Tiger The Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti), also called Corbett's tiger, is originate in Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, preferring to stay alive in forests in mountainous or hilly regions. Estimates of its inhabitants vary between 1,200 to 1,800, with only several hundred left in the wild, but it seems likely that the number is in the lower part of the range; it is considered Endangered. The largest present population is in Malaysia, where illegal poaching is strictly controlled, but all existing populations are at extreme risk from habitat fragmentation and inbreeding. In Vietnam, nearly three-quarters of the tigers killed provide stock for Chinese pharmacies. Also, the tigers are seen by poor natives as a resource through which they can ease poverty. Indochinese tigers are less significant and darker than Bengal tigers. Males weigh up from 150–190 kg (330–420 lb) on average while females are smaller at 110–140 kg (242–308 lb). Their go on a diet consists of wild pigs, cattle and deer; The Indochinese tiger is a carnivore.

2007-11-04T19:01:00.000-08:00

Tiger’s in

India

Even though this is the most 'common' tiger, these tigers are under severe force from both habitat destruction and poaching. In 1972, India launched a huge wildlife conservation project, known as Project Tiger, to care for the depleting statistics of tigers in India. The project helped raise the population of these tigers from 1,200 in the 1970s to 3,000 in the 1990s and is considered as one of the most successful wildlife conservation programs. At least one Tiger Reserve has lost its full tiger population to poaching. Males in the wild generally weight 205 to 227 kg (450–500 lb), while the average female will weigh about 141 kg. However, the northern Indian and the Nepalese Bengal tigers are invented to be somewhat bulkier than those found in the south of the Indian Subcontinent, with males averaging around 520 lbs (236 kg).

2007-10-28T21:57:00.000-07:00

Subspecies of Tiger

There are nine recent subspecies of tiger, three of which are extinct, one of which is nearly certain to become extinct in the near future, and five of which still occur. Their chronological range ran through Russia, Siberia, Iran, Afghanistan, India, China and south-east Asia, including the Indonesian islands. These are the ongoing subspecies, in descending order of wild population:

Bengal tiger

The Bengal tiger or the Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is originate in parts of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar. It lives in different habitats: grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet and dry deciduous forests and mangroves. The Indian government's estimated populace figure for these tigers is between 3,100 and 4,500, some 3,000 of which are found in India alone. However, many Indian tiger conservationists uncertainty this number, seeing it as overly optimistic. The number of Bengal tigers in India may be less than 2,000, as most of the collected statistics are based on pugmark identification, which often gives a biased result.

2007-10-21T20:18:00.000-07:00

Tiger's eye

Tiger's eye (also Tigers eye, Tiger eye) is a chatoyant gemstone that is generally yellow- to red-brown, with a silky luster. It is a rubbery silicified crocidolite (blue asbestos), a classic model of pseudomorphous replacement. An incompletely silicified blue option is called Hawk's eye. A member of the quartz group, its physical and optical properties are the same or very near to those of single-crystal quartz.

The gems are generally cut en cabochon in order to best display their chatoyancy. Red stones are brought about through calm heat treatment. Honey-coloured stones have been used to try to be like the much higher valued cat's eye chrysoberyl (cymophane), but the overall effect is unconvincing. Artificial fibreoptic glass is a general imitation of tiger's eye, and is produced in a wide range of colours.

2007-10-15T20:14:00.000-07:00

Naming and etymology of Tiger

The word "tiger" is taken from the Greek word "tigris", which itself is consequential "possibly from an Iranian source." In American English, "Tigress" was first record in 1611. "Tiger's-eye" is a name for a golden-brown with stripes, chatoyant, fibrous assortment of quartz used as a semi-precious gemstone. It was one of the lots of species formerly described, as Felis tigris, by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae. The generic factor of its scientific designation, Panthera tigris, is often presumed to derive from Greek pan- ("all") and ther ("beast"), but this may be a folk etymology. Although it came into English from side to side the classical languages, panthera is probably of East Asian origin, meaning "the yellowish animal," or "whitish-yellow".

2007-10-08T00:43:00.001-07:00

Tiger

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is a animal of the Felidae family, the largest of four "huge cats" in the Panthera genus. Native to the mainland of Asia, the tiger is an top predator and the largest graceful species in the world, comparable in size to the biggest fossil felids. The Bengal Tiger is the most common subspecies of tiger, constituting something like 80% of the entire tiger population, and is found in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar and Nepal. It has disappeared from much of its previous circulation including the Caucasus, Java and Bali.

The tiger is an endangered variety, with the majority of the world's tigers now living in captivity.Several subspecies are extinct and others critically in danger of extinction. Tigers have featured in ancient mythologies and tradition, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature, as well as appearing on flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. It is the national animal of India, among other countries.

2007-10-02T03:13:00.001-07:00

Postal Marking

A postal marking is any kind of marginal note applied to a letter by a postal service. The most frequent types are postmarks and cancellations; almost every letter will have those, less common types include forward addresses, routing annotations, warnings, postage due notices and explanations, such as for smashed or delayed mail. A key part of postal history is the credit of postal markings, their purpose, and period of use.

Service marks give in sequence to the sender, recipient, or another post office. Advice marks notify about forwarding, miss ending, letters received in bad condition, letters received too late for delivery by a certain time, or the reason for a delay in mail delivery. Dead letter offices would use a variety of markings to keep track of their progress in finding the addressee, such as a notation that the letter had been advertise in the local newspaper. The tracking process for register mail may entail many marks and notations.

Shortly after the eruption of the American Civil War, the Northern authorities affirmed the existing postage stamps invalid and issued new types. Letters using the demonetized stamps received a marking "OLD STAMPS NOT RECOGNIZED", an accidentally humorous comment much prized by collectors today.

2007-09-23T22:58:00.000-07:00

Abstract art

Abstract art is now usually understood to mean art that does not depict objects in the natural world, but instead uses color and form in a non-representational way. In the very early 20th century, the term was more often used to describe art, such as Cubist and Futurist art, which depicts real forms in a simplified or rather reduced way—keeping only an allusion of the original natural subject. Such paintings were often claimed to capture amazing of the depicted objects' immutable intrinsic qualities rather than its external appearance. The more precise terms, "non-figurative art," "non-objective art," and "non-representational art" avoid any possible ambiguity.

2007-09-16T23:24:00.000-07:00

Salwar kameez

Salwar kameez is also spelled shalwar kameez and shalwar qamiz is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. It is now and then known as Punjabi suit due to its popularity in the Punjab region and the Pathani suit, due to the fact that the Pathans of Kabul introduce the dress to the rest of South Asia.

It is loose pajama like trousers the legs are wide at the top and narrow at the bottom,
The kameez is a long shirt or tunic. The part seams known as the chaak are left open below the waist-line, which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, it is the favored garment of both sexes. In Bangladesh and India, it is most normally a woman's garment. Though the majority of Indian women wear traditional clothing, the men in India can be found in more conservative western clothing. Shalwar kameez is the traditional dress worn by a variety of peoples of south-central Asia. In India and Pakistan it is a particularly popular style of dress. Shalwar or Salwar is a short loose or parallel trouser.

2007-09-09T23:14:00.001-07:00

Rainbow

Rainbows are optical and meteorological phenomena that reason of a spectrum of light to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the Earth's atmosphere. They take the form of a multicolored arc, with red on the external part of the arch and violet on the inner section of the arch. More rarely, a secondary rainbow is seen, which is a second, fainter arc, outside the primary arc, with colours in the differing order, that is, with violet on the outside and red on the inside.

A rainbow spans a permanent spectrum of colours. Traditionally, however, the chain of colours is quantized. The majority cited and remembered sequence, in English, is Newton's sevenfold red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. "Roy G. Biv" and "Richard of York Gave Battle In Vain" are admired mnemonics.

Though rainbows are bow-shaped in most cases, there are also phenomena of rainbow-colored flooring in the sky: in the shape of stripes, circles, or even flames

2007-09-03T21:52:00.000-07:00

Pollution

Pollution is the opening of pollutants chemical substances, noise, heat, light, energy and others into the environments which effect in deleterious effects of such a nature as to cause danger to human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment Pollution is formed by vehicle which make the health spoil.

2007-08-26T21:51:00.000-07:00

Pulses

Pulses are defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as yearly leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds of variable size, shape and color surrounded by a pod. Pulses being used for food and animal feed.

The term pulses, as used by the FAO, are kept for crops harvested solely for the dry grain. This therefore excludes green beans and green peas, which are measured vegetable crops. Also barred crops which are mainly grown for oil extraction oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts, and crops which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers, alfalfa).

Pulses are main food crops due to their high protein and necessary amino acid content. Like many leguminous crops, pulses play a key role in crop turning round due to their capability to fix nitrogen.

2007-08-19T22:07:00.000-07:00

Flight jacket

The flight jacket or bomber jacket is an item of clothing originally created for pilots, which ultimately became part of popular culture and clothing. In the First World War most airplanes did not have an enclosed cockpit, which necessitated an item of clothing that could keep pilots adequately warm. The classic sheepskin designed and manufactured firstly by Leslie Irvin and set up a manufacturing company in the United Kingdom in 1926 and became the major supplier of flying jackets to the Royal Air Force during most of the Second World War.
The two most historical and renowned American flight jackets are the A-2 jacket and the G-1. Not only these two jackets were useful to the serving men who wore them, but in their reputation they became symbols of honor, adventure, and style.
Today flight jackets are usually connected with the MA-1, a U.S. military jacket, which is mostly found in black or sage green.

2007-08-12T23:44:00.001-07:00

Fuel and propulsion technologies

Most automobiles in use nowadays are propelled by gasoline is also known as petrol or diesel internal combustion engines, which are known to reason for air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warm. Increasing costs of oil-based fuels and tapering environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on substitute power systems for automobiles. Efforts to get better or replace these technologies include hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles.

2007-08-06T04:46:00.000-07:00

Early Stages of a pregnant woman and her health

Pregnancy is not an easy job for a woman. Starting from conception to birth, a woman's body carries out the most miraculous process of fertilization, implantation and the maturity and growth of her baby (or babies). Her body is her baby's dwelling place for the next nine months (or around 40 weeks) and the occurrences of pregnancy turn into a journey of many new physical feelings. Whether it is first, second, third (or more) pregnancy, her body will respond in a different way to each individual pregnancy. So health of a pregnant woman is very important to be taken care of.

Throughout the first 12 weeks of pregnancy called the '1st trimester’, a woman's body adjust to present a fostering and protective environment for her baby to grow and develop. Seldom, the early signs of pregnancy can make a woman feel puzzled. This may be for the reason that many of the physical signs of in the early hours of pregnancy such as enlarged tender breasts, sensitivity of tiredness, overstuffed and perhaps experiencing spasms and/or pelvic uneasiness can be considered as normal pre-menstrual signs. In all these stages the health of the woman declines because she is not only feeding herself, also her little developing fetus.

They may also sense disgusted or sick, due to morning sickness. It is not unusual to feel unsure about what is 'normal' during the early stages of pregnancy development, and unfamiliar signs or sensations may trigger concerns about the health, of her and baby. It’s been proved by the Gynecologists that every woman's body will react in a different way to being pregnant. Many women find their early pregnancy symptoms very difficult to cope with, both at work and generally.

Due to continuous vomiting and nourishing the fetus the pregnant woman may be exhausted very easily. She has to constantly keep her energetic by maintaining a healthy diet schedule as prescribed by the physicians. She can have more fresh green vegetables and fruit juices to make her feel fresh and energetic. It’s always significant to make sure that she avoids drinking and smoking because whatever she has will be directly absorbed by the baby. Once the fetus starts developing she has to get primed for all the obstacles she has to experience throughout pregnancy. Many psychologists predict that a healthy pregnancy is not only from taking care of the nutrition for the pregnant women, more than that she has to be taken care from all the hassles in her family. It’s the duty of a loving husband to caress her comfortably and keep her happy always throughout the gestation period. This will not only make the woman feel happy and hopeful it will directly lead to the good development of the fetus.

2007-07-29T22:25:00.000-07:00

Mobile phone

The introduction of cells for mobile phone base stations, invented in 1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT&T, was further industrialized by Bell Labs during the 1960s. Due to their low establishment expenses and fast exploitation, mobile phone networks have since spread hastily throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.

The zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones was introduced in 1945. 0G mobile telephones, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile phones, since they did not sustain the automatic change of channel frequency during calls, which allows the user to shift from one cell (the base station coverage area) to another cell, an attribute called "handover".

The first marketable cellular network was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979. Fully automatic cellular networks were first introduced in the beginning to mid 1980s (the 1G generation) with the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in 1981. This was followed by an explosion in mobile telephone habit, particularly in Northern Europe.

The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard which also striking the beginning of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja challenged current Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network. A decade after, the first commercial commence of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. However, Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer, is accredited with the innovation of the modern mobile phone in the 1990s. Until the early 1990s, most mobile phones were too large to be carried in a jacket pocket, so they were normally installed in vehicles as car phones. With the miniaturization of digital apparatus, mobile phones have become more and handier over the years.

2007-07-22T23:11:00.001-07:00

Humans

The term "conception" commonly refers to fertilization, but is sometimes defined as implantation or even "the point at which human life begins," and is thus a subject of semantic arguments about the beginning of pregnancy, within the abortion deliberate. Gastrulating is the point in development when the implanted blast cyst develops three germ layers, the endoderm, the exoderm and the mesoderm. It is at this point that the inherited code of the father becomes fully occupied in the development of the embryo. Until this point in development, twinning is probable. Additionally, interspecies hybrids which have no chance of growth survive until gastrulation. However this stance is not entirely necessary since human developmental biology literature refers to the "concepts" and the medical literature refers to the "products of conception" as the post-implantation embryo and its surrounding membranes. The term "conception" is not generally used in scientific literature because of its variable definition and suggestion.

2007-07-15T21:17:00.001-07:00

Nonfood uses

Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, different cultures have urbanized many different uses for various fruits that they do not depend on as being edible. Many dry fruits are used as streamer or in dried flower arrangements, such as unicorn plant, lotus, wheat, annual honesty and milkweed. Ornamental trees and shrubs are frequently refined for their colorful fruits, as well as holly, pyracantha, viburnum, skimmia, beautyberry and cotoneaster.

Fruits of opium poppy are the basis of the drugs opium and morphine. Osage orange fruits are used to keep away cockroaches. Bayberry fruits provide a wax frequently used to make candles. Many fruits give natural dyes, e.g. walnut, sumac, cherry and mulberry. Dried up gourds are used as streamer, water jugs, bird houses, musical instruments, cups and dishes. Pumpkins are imprinted into Jack-o'-lanterns for Halloween. The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur were the motivation for the invention of Velcro.

Coir is a fiber from the fruit of coconut that is used for doormats, brushes, mattresses, floortiles, sacking, lagging and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make memento heads, cups, bowls, musical instruments and bird houses.

2007-07-10T20:52:00.000-07:00

Wakeboard

Wakeboard Boats have a device that creates a huge wake for a skier to jump the wakes from face to face doing aerial tricks. Wakeboard complete boats are Drive boats. This means they are an inboard boat among the engine place backwards in the nurture of the boat. Some wakeboard detailed boat models are direct drive boats where the engine is in the center of the boat. Most wakeboard boats will have some features that help to make large wakes. Ballast, lodge, and hull technology. Most new wakeboarding boats come usual with some sort of regular ballast. Generally, these ballast tanks are placed inside of the hull of the boat and can be crowded and empties by switches situated in the drivers area. The ballast weights the boat down, creating a larger wake when in proposition. The Wedge is a machine that helps shape the wake. It is a metal structure situated behind the propeller that helps the driver fine melody the wake for the athlete. Hull technology is the innovation and R&D that the manufacturers put into their boats to make sure the best stock wake possible. Many boarders use after market ballast and guide to further weight down their boats for very huge wakes or for sports such as wake surfing.

2007-06-26T00:17:00.000-07:00

Trawler(fishing)

A trawler is a fishing boat designed for the purpose of operating a trawl, a type of fishing net that is dragged along the underneath of the sea (or sometimes above the bottom at a specified depth).
A trawler can also refer to a cruising trawler which is a recreational boat as it resembles a fishing trawler.
Modern "rock hopper" nets have heavy rubber wheels that allow the net move slowly over rough ocean bottoms without tearing on rocks.
Sailing trawlers can trawl at depths of 55-75 metres, but modern trawlers can often trawl to 900 metres. Sizes of modern trawlers vary from 2,500 to 3,000 tons.
Fishing trawler,made up of wood was invented in Brixham(in England) in 19th century, which is the largest port in the South-West .

2007-06-10T22:30:00.000-07:00

Pontoon

A pontoon is a flat-bottomed boat or the floats used to support an arrangement on water. It may be simply constructed from closed cylinders such as pipes or barrels or made-up of boxes from metal or concrete. These may be worn to support a simple platform, creating a raft. A raft supporting a house-like structure is single form of houseboat.
Pontoon boats usually run slower and are less likely to cause harm to themselves or other vessels, and are thus less luxurious to insure. As such, they are the most admired vessel style for rental operations. They also present the largest value in terms of capacity to price.

2007-06-05T00:18:00.001-07:00

Longboat

His longboat should not be confused with a Long ship; or with a narrow boat. In the days of sailing ships, a vessel would take a number of boats for various uses. One would be a longboat, an open, mainly rowing boat with eight or ten oarsmen, two per spoil. In other words the longboat was double banked: its rowing benches were planned to accommodate two men. Unlike the vessel or the cutter, the longboat would have quite fine lines aft to permit its use in steep waves such as surf or wind against tide where need be.
It had the double-banked understanding in common with the cutter. This was possible as it had a beam alike to a cutter's but broader than that of a gig, which was solitary banked. The longboat was frequently more seaworthy than the cutter which had a fuller stern for such load-carrying work as laying out an anchor and cable. In a seaway or surf therefore, the cutter was more flat to broaching to.

2007-05-28T00:20:00.001-07:00

Ketch

A ketch is a marine craft with two masts: a main mast, and a shorter mizzen mast abaft (rearward of) the main mast. Both masts are rigged mostly fore-and-aft. From one to three jibs may be approved forward of the main mast when going to windward. If a ketch is not rigged for jibs is known as cat ketch, sometimes called per auger. On older, larger ketches the major mast may in addition carry one or more square rigged topsails, alike to a sloop. A ketch may also carry further sails, see below.

The lowest fore-and-aft sail on the major mast is called the mainsail, while that on the mizzen is called the mizzen sail. These may be any kind of fore-and-aft sail, in any grouping. The Scots Zulu, for example, had a dipping lug main with a position lug mizzen.
The ketch is popular among long distance cruisers as the additional sail allows for a better balance, and a smaller more simply handled mainsail for the same overall sail area. It also allows sailing on mizzen and jib only without introducing extreme lee helm, and in an emergency can be quite well steered without use of the rudder.

2007-05-20T23:21:00.001-07:00

Hydrofoil

It is a boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts under the hull. As the craft put into its speed the hydrofoils make better enough lift for the boat to become foil borne - i.e. to raise the hull up and out of the water. This consequence has a great decrease in drag and a corresponding increase in speed.
Early hydrofoils worn U-shape foils. Hydrofoils of this type are recognized as surface-piercing since portions of the U-shape hydrofoils will rise over the water surface when foil borne. Modern hydrofoils make use of T-shape foils which are fully submerged. Fully submerged hydrofoils are fewer subjected to the effects of wave action, and are therefore steadier at sea and are more relaxed for the crew and passengers. This type of pattern, however, is not self-stabilizing. The angle of attack on the hydrofoils wants to be adjusted endlessly in accordance to the changing conditions, a control process that is performed by computers. Failure to make the proper adjustments will result in the foil borne hull dipping aggressively back into the sea.

2007-05-13T20:02:00.000-07:00

Fishing boat

A fishing boat can range from two-person enjoyment fishing boats up to 7-8 ton commercial fishers that can drag in over a billion fish at one time. Island nations like Japan rely on the fishing industry to give food. Fishing is also well-liked in places like the U.S, where it is often done for sport rather than for food. Fishing is extremely fixed in the American culture.
A lot of marinas and harbors cater to fishing boats and sport boats. It is an extensive array of business that make its living helpful for and service this boating and fishing community. Both leisure fishermen and commercial enterprises share the majority harbors.

2007-04-02T04:37:00.001-07:00

Bicycle

A hybrid vehicle (HV) is a vehicle that uses two different power sources such as:
* An on-board rechargeable energy storage system (RESS) and a fueled power source for means of transportation force
* Human powered bicycle with sequence assist
* A sail boat with electric control
The term the commonly refers to petroleum electric hybrid vehicle, also called Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) which use internal burning engines and electric batteries to power electric motors.
The term hybrid when used in relative with cars also has other uses. Prior to its modern meaning of hybrid force, the word hybrid was used in the United States to mean a vehicle of mixed countrywide origin; generally, a European car fitted with American mechanical components. This significance has fallen out of use. In the import scene, hybrid was often used to describe an engine swap. Some have also referred to flexible-fuel vehicles as hybrids because they can use a combination of different fuels — naturally gasoline and ethanol alcohol fuel.

2007-03-28T01:56:00.001-07:00

A cold winter morning
I am lying on a white, sandy beach with the glowing sun beating down directly on my tanned summer body. I notice the beautiful, Puerto Rican Cabana boy heading over to replenish my newly empty Margarita glass. I look around my private beach and at the crystal clear, sparkling ocean water tempting me warmly in to its open arms. I get up from my bed on the sand, walking gradually to the water. The sand is flaming my bare feet with such passion that I speed my walk up almost into a jog. As I reach the waterfront I stop, as a falling wave is heading toward my glazing body; I step closer to be in its direct path. I move smoothly in with such grace; I prepare myself for the cool, refreshing bath. I hear an alarm bell screaming, I look around in a panic as it is hurting my ears and giving me a powerful headache. My beach is wandering away, and then it is gone. The ‘warmness my body feels is gone.
I open my eyes; I am gloomy, lifeless room. My alarm clock is going off and the sound can only be compared with exhausted your fingernails across a chalkboard.

2007-03-20T22:20:00.000-07:00

Carts

Carts have been mention in journalism as far back as the second millennium B.C. The Indian sacred book Rig-Veda states that men and women are as corresponding as two wheels of a cart. Hand-carts pushed by humans have been used approximately the world. In the 19th century, for example, some Mormons traveling across the plains of the United States between 1856 and 1860 used handcarts.
Carts were often used for judicial punishments, both to transport the destined – a public humiliation in itself (in Ancient Rome defeated leaders were often carried in the victorious general's triumph) – and even, in England until its replacement by the whipping post under Queen Elizabeth I, to tie the condemned to the cart-tail and administer him or her a public whipping.

2007-01-21T22:58:00.000-08:00

Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes was a giant statue of the god Helios, erected on the Greek island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos, a pupil of Lysippos, between 292 BC and 280 BC. It was roughly the same size as the Statue of Liberty in New York, although it stood on a lower platform. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Alexander the Great died at an early age in 323 BC without having had time to put into place any plans for his succession. Fighting broke out among his generals, the Diadochi, with three of them eventually divides up much of his empire in the Mediterranean area. During the fighting Rhodes had sided with Ptolemy, and when Ptolemy eventually took control of Egypt, Rhodes and Ptolemaic Egypt formed an alliance which controlled much of the trade in the eastern Mediterranean. Another of Alexander's generals, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, was upset by this turn of events. In 305 BC he had his son Demetrius invade Rhodes with an army of 40,000. However, the city was well defended, and Demetrius had to start construction of a number of massive siege towers in order to gain access to the walls.

2007-01-08T22:51:00.000-08:00

Identical twins

Identical twins occur when a single egg is fertilized to form one zygote which then divides into two separate embryos. This is not considered to be a hereditary trait, but rather an anomaly that occurs in birthing at a rate of about 1:150 births worldwide, regardless of ethnic background. The two embryos develop into fetuses sharing the same womb. When one egg is fertilized by one sperm cell, and then divides and separates, two identical cells will result. Depending on the stage at which the zygote divides, identical twins may share the same amnion, which can cause complications in pregnancy.

For example, the umbilical cords of monoamniotic twins can become entangled, reducing or interrupting the blood supply to the developing fetus. About 50% of mono-mono twins die from umbilical cord entanglement. Monochorionic twins, sharing one placenta, usually also share the placental blood supply. These twins may develop such that blood passes disproportionately from one twin to the other through connecting blood vessels within their shared placenta, leading to twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

2007-01-01T22:34:00.000-08:00

Metamorphosis

Metamorphosis is a biological course by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's form or structure through cell growth and differentiation. Some insects, amphibians, molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms and tunicates undertake metamorphosis, which is usually accompanied by a change of habitat or behavior. Scientific usage of the term is exclusive, and is not applied to common aspects of growth, including rapid growth spurts. References to “metamorphosis” in mammals are imprecise and only colloquial.

Metamorphosis usually proceeds in distinct stages, usually starting with larva or nymph, optionally passing through pupa, and ending as adult. The immature stages of a species that metamorphoses are regularly called larva. But in the complex metamorphosis of many insect species, only the first stage is called a larva and sometimes even that bears a different name; the distinction depends on the nature of the metamorphosis.

2006-12-26T23:23:00.000-08:00

History of India

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at Bhimbetka in the state of Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to 3300 BCE in western India. It was followed by the Vedic Civilization which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country laying the foundations of ancient India.

The empire built by the Maurya dynasty under Emperor Ashoka the Great united most of modern Southern Asia except the Dravidian kingdoms in the south. From 180 BCE, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed including the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians and Kushans in the north-western Indian Subcontinent. From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's "Golden Age." While the north had larger, fewer kingdoms, in the south there were several dynasties such as the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Cholas, Pallavas and Pandyas in different times and regions.

2006-12-18T01:05:00.000-08:00

Hail formation

Hail forms on condensation nuclei such as dust, bugs, or ice crystals, when super cooled water freezes on make contact with. In clouds contains large numbers of super cooled water droplets, these ice nuclei grow quickly at the expense of the liquid droplets because the saturation vapor pressure over ice is slightly less than the saturation vapor pressure over water. If the hail stones grow large enough, latent heat released by further freezing may melt the external shell of the hail stone. The development that follows, usually called wet growth, is more efficient because the liquid outer shell allows the stone to accrete other smaller hail stones in addition to super cooled droplets.

Once a hailstone become too heavy to be supported by the storm's updraft it falls out of the cloud. The reason rain can't fall, is typically because of the tough winds inside a thunderstorm cloud. These winds hold the rain and freeze it. As the process repeats, the hail grows gradually larger. When a hail stone is cut in half, a series of concentric rings, like that of an onion, are revealed. From these rings we can determine the total number of times the hail stone had traveled to the top of the storm before falling to the ground.

2006-12-12T04:13:00.000-08:00

Mean sea level pressure

Mean sea level pressure is the pressure at sea level or the station pressure condensed to sea level assuming an isothermal layer at the station temperature. This is the pressure usually given in weather reports on radio, television, and newspapers. When barometers in the home are set to match the local weather reports, they measure pressure condensed to sea level, not the actual local atmospheric pressure. The reduction to sea level means that the usual range of fluctuations in pressure is the same for everyone. The pressures which are measured high pressure or low pressure do not depend on geographical location. This makes isobars on a weather map meaningful and useful tool. The altimeter setting in aviation, set either QNH or QFE, is another atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level, but the method of making this reduction differs slightly.

QNH barometric altimeter setting which will cause the altimeter to read airfield elevation when on the airfield. In ISA temperature conditions the altimeter will read altitude above mean sea level in the vicinity of the airfield.

QFE barometric altimeter setting which will cause an altimeter to read zero when at the reference datum of a particular airfield. In ISA temperature conditions the altimeter will read height above the datum in the vicinity of the airfield.

2006-12-04T22:11:00.000-08:00

Immigration and multiculturalism

Since the time of olden Rome, the city has always been a site for colonization. This once extensive to all reaches of the Roman Empire, but was more cramped to the rest of Italy in later centuries, as Rome's political power waned. Still, many of its citizens' families invent from outside the city, and the Romanesco phrase Romano de Roma has been coined to indicate someone who descends from a family that has lived in Rome for at least seven generations, the mark of a "true" Roman.

Over the next half of 20th century, Rome has seen rising immigration from other countries. There currently is an important immigrant population, including a great number of clandestine. The 2005 ISTAT estimations state that 145,000 immigrants live in the comune, or 5.69% of the total comune inhabitants. The foreign population in the metropolitan area of Rome consists in 206,000 persons, or 5.37% of the total urban area population. The foreign population in the metropolitan area of Rome is about 248,000 persons or 4.67% of the whole metropolitan area population. By far the largest number of immigrants is Eastern European, with the largest figures of foreigners coming from Romania, The Philippines, Poland, Albania, Peru, Bangladesh, and Ukraine.

Probably as a result of its multiethnic past, the city has reacted with less complexity to the current waves of immigration into Italy. In meticulous, Mayor Walter Veltroni has made multiculturalism one of the key points of supporting program; inhabitants of Rome who are not citizens of an EU country are now permitted to elect their own legislature in the city council, even if they do not embrace formal legal residence in Rome.

2006-11-27T21:00:00.000-08:00

Clothing

Clothing is defined, in its broadest logic, as coverings for the torso and limbs as well as coverings for the hands, feet and head. Humans almost universally wear clothes, which are also known as dress, garments, attire, or apparel. People wear clothing for functional as well as for social reasons. Clothing protects the vulnerable nude human body from the extremes of weather, other features of our environment, and for safety reasons. But every article of clothing also carries a civilizing and social meaning.
People also decorate their bodies with structure or foundation, perfume, and other decoration they also cut, dye, and arrange the hair of their heads, faces, and bodies, and sometimes also mark their skin. All these decorations add to the overall effect and message of clothing, but do not constitute clothing per se.
Articles approved rather than damaged are normally counted as fashion garnishes rather than as clothing. Jewelry and spectacles are usually counted as accessories as well, even though in ordinary speech these items are described as being worn rather than carried.

2006-11-08T07:59:00.000-08:00

Construction techniques and design Closeup of Stonehenge from a distance is much speculation has surrounded the engineering feats required to build Stonehenge. Assuming the bluestones were brought from Wales by hand, and not transported by glaciers as Aubrey Burl has claimed, various methods of moving them relying only on timber and rope have been suggested. In a 2001 exercise in experimental archaeology, an attempt was made to transport a large stone along a land and sea route from Wales to Stonehenge. Volunteers pulled it for some miles on a wooden sledge over land, using modern roads and low-friction netting to assist sliding, but once transferred to a replica prehistoric boat, the stone sank in Milford Haven, before it even reached the rough seas of the Bristol Channel.As far as positioning the stones, it has been suggested that timber A-frames were erected to raise the stones, and that teams of people then hauled them upright using ropes. The topmost stones may have been raised up incrementally on timber platforms and slid into place or pushed up ramps. The carpentry-type joints used on the stones imply a people well skilled in woodworking and they could easily have had the knowledge to erect the monument using such methods. In 2003 retired construction worker Wally Wallington demonstrated ingenious techniques based on fundamental principles of levers, fulcrums and counterweights to show that a single man can rotate, walk, lift and tip a ten-ton cast-concrete monolith into an upright position. He is progressing with his plan to construct a simulated Stonehenge comprising of eight uprights and two lintels.Alexander Thom was of the opinion that the site was laid out with the necessary precision using his megalithic yard.The engraved weapons on the sarsens are unique in megalithic art in the British Isles, where more abstract designs were invariably favoured. Similarly, the horseshoe arrangements of stones are unusual in a culture that otherwise arranged stones in circles. The axe motif is, however, common to the peoples of Brittany at the time, and it has been suggested at least two stages of Stonehenge were built under continental influence. This would go some way towards explaining the monument's atypical design, but overall, Stonehenge is still inexplicably unusual in the context of any prehistoric European culture.Estimates of the manpower needed to build Stonehenge put the total effort involved at millions of hours of work. Stonehenge 1 probably needed around 11,000 man-hours of work, Stonehenge 2 around 360,000 and the various parts of Stonehenge 3 may have involved up to 1.75 million hours of work. The working of the stones is estimated to have required around 20 million hours of work using the primitive tools available at the time. Certainly, the will to produce such a site must have been strong, and it is considered that advanced social organisation would have been necessary to build and maintain it.

2006-11-01T18:38:00.000-08:00

Disk of the Milky
The major disk of the Milky Way Galaxy is about 80,000 to 100,000 light years in diameter, about 250-300 thousand light years in circumference, and outside the Galactic core, about 1,000 light years in thickness. It is calm of 200 to 400 billion stars. As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the galaxy were reduced to 130 km in diameter, the solar system would be a mere 2 mm in width. The Galactic Halo enlarges out to 250,000 to 400,000 light years in diameter. As detailed in the Structure section below, new discoveries indicate that the disk extends much farther than previously thought.The Milky Way's absolute magnitude, which cannot be measured directly, is assumed by astronomical convention to be -20.5, although other authors give an absolute magnitude of -21.3.

2006-10-04T19:31:00.000-07:00

Pain is an unpleasant feeling which may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage and which may have physical and emotional mechanism.
According to the International friendship for the Study of Pain (IASP), one should distinguish between pain and nociception. The sound "pain" comes from
the Latin "poena" meaning a fine, a penalty.The word "pain" is a subjective experience that typically accompanies nociception, but can also arise without any incentive, and thus includes the
emotional response. Nociception, on the other hand, is a neurophysiological term and denotes particular activity in nerve pathways. It is the broadcast
mechanism for physiological pain, and does not describe psychological pain. These pathways pass on the nominally "painful" signals, though they are not
forever perceived as painful. Although pain can be associated with tissue spoil or inflammation, this is often not the case.Despite its unpleasantness, pain is a dangerous component of the body's defense system. It is part of a rapid warning relay instructing the motor neurons
of the middle nervous system to minimize noticed physical harm. Lack of the ability to experience pain, as in the rare condition congenital selfishness to
pain or Congenital Analgesia, can cause assorted health problems.The two most widespread forms of pain reported in the U.S. are headache and back pain. Pain is also a term purposely used to denote a painful uterine
contraction occurring in childbirth.

2006-08-13T23:34:00.000-07:00

cricket
A team consists of eleven players. Depending on his primary skills, a player may be classified as a expert batsman or bowler. A balanced team usually has five or six specialist batsmen and four or five expert bowlers. Teams nearly always include a specialist wicket-keeper since the importance of this fielding position.
A player who excellent in both batting and bowling is known as an all-rounder. One who excellent as a batsman and wicket-keeper is known as a wicket-keeper/batsman, occasionally regarded as a type of all-rounder. True all-rounder are unusual and valued.

The playing field
A normal cricket ground, showing the cricket pitch, close-infield within 15 yards (13.7 m) of the striking batsman, infield inside the white 30 yard (27.4 m) circle, and outfield, with sight screens beyond the boundary at either end.
A wicket consists of three stumps, upright wood stakes that are hammered into the ground, topped with two wooden crosspieces, known as bails. The standard fielding positions in cricket for a right-handed batsman are reversed for a left-handed batsman. The spots are only indicative, as fielders may stand in any part of the ground. Only nine fielders are existing in addition to the bowler and wicketkeeper, so there are always many unprotectedareas.
A perception view of the cricket pitches from the bowler's end. The bowler runs in past one side of the wicket at the bowler's end, either 'over' the wicket or 'round' the wicket.